澳大利亚首都英语怎么说

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Hey there! I'm Emma from mmmEnglish! This lesson will help you to use English articles correctly.

大家好，我是 Emma，欢迎来到美味英语频道！这节课将帮助大家正确使用英语冠词。

In my last lesson we talked about indefinite articles and I will link to that one at the end of this lesson in case you missed it. But today I'm going to teach you how to use the definite article the and when you should use no article at all.

上一节课我们讨论了不定冠词，如果你们还没看的话，我会把那节课的链接放在这节课的结尾。但今天我将教大家如何使用定冠词“the”，以及什么时候应该不使用冠词。

Many of my students make mistakes with articles especially when they speak. Are you one of them?

我的许多学生都会犯冠词方面的错误，特别是在他们说话的时候。你也是如此吗？

They're tricky little buggers! This lesson is definitely one to watch, and I've also created you a worksheet that you can download and help you practise and review everything that we learn in this lesson.

这堆狡猾的小家伙！这节课绝对值得一看，我还为大家制作了一张工作表，供大家下载，可以帮助你练习和复习这堂课所学的所有内容。

Plus my lesson from last week about the indefinite article. I highly recommend you grab it and you use it to review and to practice what we go through today.

此外，我上周的课程讨论的是不定冠词。我非常建议大家下载一份，用来复习和练习我们今天所学的内容。

It includes all of the tricky rules that we talk about in this lesson with examples but it also has a little quiz and some practice questions to help you put what you learn into practice. Let's dive into the lesson.

里面包括我们在本课中谈到的所有复杂的规则和例子，但里面也有一个小测验和一些练习题，可以帮助你把你今天所学的内容付诸实践。让我们进入本节课吧。

How articles are used in your native language will have a big impact on the types of mistakes that you make with articles in English. So it's really important that you try not to directly translate in your head with articles.

你的母语中如何使用冠词会对你在英语冠词上会犯什么错误有很大影响。所以尽量不要直接翻译那些冠词，这一点非常重要。

You need to learn the way that we use articles in English and that is exactly what we're here to do today. The definite article in English is the.

你需要学习我们在英语中使用冠词的方式，这正是我们今天要做的。英语中的定冠词是“the”。

Last week we learned that the indefinite article a or an can be used with singular nouns, but this one, can be used with most types of nouns. We can use it with singular nouns, the woman is sitting over there.

上周我们学到，不定冠词“a”或“an”可以用于单数名词，但这个冠词可以用于大多数类型的名词。我们可以用在单数名词中，比如说这个女人就坐在那里。

We can use it with countable nouns, the people in the queue are frustrated and uncountable nouns the information she gave me was false. Cool huh!

我们可以搭配可数名词，比如说排队的人都很烦，也可以搭配不可数名词，比如说她给我的信息是假的。很棒哦！

Before we get stuck into the rules, let's talk about pronunciation, because there are actually two different ways to pronounce this word in English. Both start with the consonant sound.

在我们进入规则学习之前，让我们先谈谈发音问题吧，因为这个词在英语中其实有两种不同的发音方式。两个都以辅音开头。

So the position of your tongue is really important. Make sure it's coming through.

你的舌头的位置非常重要。一定要咬舌。

It's a voiced sound so you should get the tickle on your tongue, that vibration when you make this sound. So the first way to pronounce it is the with a schwa sound, and the second way to pronounce it is the the.

这是一个浊音，所以当你发这个音时，舌头上应该会有痒痒的感觉，有一种振动的感觉。所以，第一种发音方式是/e?/，而第二种发音方式是/e?/。

But when do we use each sound? We use the before nouns that start with a consonant sound: the car, the unit, the bookshelf.

但是我们什么时候使用这些发音呢？我们在以辅音开头的名词前使用：the car、the unit、the bookshelf。

The u in unit is a consonant sound at the start. It's pronounced/'ju: nit/. Unit. The unit.

Unit 中的 u 是开头的一个辅音。它的发音是/'ju: nit/。单位。这个单位。

I want you to have a practice with me: the, the car, the unit, the bookshelf. So now, can you guess when we use the?

我想让大家和我一起练习：汽车、单位、书架。那么现在你能猜到我们什么时候使用 the 吗？

Before nouns that begin with a vowel sound. You're right!

在以元音开头的名词之前。你猜对啦！

So now that you know, it's easy to remember this, the relates to a longer vowel sound. The apple, the elephant, the orange, the hour.

所以现在你知道了，很容易记住这个规则，the 和长元音一起使用。苹果、大象、橘子、小时。

Yes, we have the h consonant sound. That is silent.

是的，hour 有辅音 h。但是它不发音。

So the first sound that we hear in the word hour is a vowel sound. So we say the hour.

所以我们在小时这个词中听到的第一个音是元音。所以我们说的是：时间。

Now I want you to try it with me: the, the apple, the elephant, the orange, the hour. Now there is something else that happens here in connected speech when native English speakers use the definite article followed by a vowel sound.

现在我想让你和我一起尝试一下，苹果、大象、橘子、小时。以英语为母语的人在使用定冠词的时候，定冠词和后面的元音要进行连读。

I want to know if you can hear it. Listen carefully, there is an extra sound: the apple, the elephant, the orange, the hour. In order to link words together, speak with a natural flow and speak quickly, native speakers will add a little/j/sound between those vowel sounds, and I've got a whole lesson about it.

我想知道你是否能听出来了。仔细听，有一个额外的音：苹果、大象、橙子、小时。为了将单词连读，说得更加自然流畅，让语速更快一点，母语者会在这些元音之间加一个/j/音，我有一整节课的内容是关于这点的。

You can get to it up here, after this lesson. So you'll hear it between those vowels.

大家可以在这节课结束后看看。你可以在这些元音之间听到它。

The apple. yapple. The apple. Right? It's very soft, but that little extra sound can potentially mean that you misunderstand or you don't quite hear a word as you expect it to in English.

苹果。"yapple"。苹果。对吗？这个音非常柔和，但这个额外加上的音有可能会导致你产生误解，可能会听不太懂英语中的某个词。

So it's worth keeping that in mind. Okay pronunciation: tick!

这一点需要牢牢记住。好的，发音部分结束！

Now let's talk about when you should use the definite article. Rule number one: use the with nouns that have already been mentioned before.

现在我们来谈谈什么时候应该使用定冠词吧。规则一：与之前已经提到过的名词一起使用。

I talked about this a little in my last lesson about the indefinite article. When we mention a noun for the very first time we use a or an, but after we mention it for the first time, we can use the because it's clear which noun we're talking about.

我在上一课关于不定冠词的内容中谈到了这一点。当我们第一次提到一个名词时，我们会使用“a”或“an”，但在我们第一次提到它之后，我们可以使用“the”，因为很清楚我们在谈论什么名词。

I saw a woman on the tram this morning. The woman was wearing a red coat and a blue scarf.

今天早上我在电车上看到一位女士。那位女士穿着一件红色大衣，戴着一条蓝色围巾。

So you can see that the noun woman is mentioned twice here, but we use a first because we're mentioning the woman for the first time. We can use the so that it's clear which woman we're talking about.

所以你可以看到，这里提到了两次名词“女人”，但我们第一次用的是“a”，因为我们是第一次提到这个女人。我们可以使用“the”，这样就可以清楚地知道我们在谈论哪个女人。

Okay, but how about this noun here? Didn't I just say that we use a and an to mention something for the first time?

好吧，但这个名词呢？我刚才不是说过，首次提到某件事时我们用“a”和“an”吗？

I did. But this brings us to Rule Number 2. We use the to be specific.

我说过哦。但这和我们的规则二有关系。我们用“the”来具体说明。

When I say, the tram, I'm talking about a specific tram. I'm talking about the 8am tram that I take to work every morning.

当我说电车的时候，我说的是一个具体的电车。我说的是我每天早上乘坐去上班的8路电车。

I'm talking about the tram that I was on. I'm not talking about any random tram. When I say, the boss is giving me a hard time, I'm talking about a specific boss. My boss.

我说的是我坐的那辆电车。我不是在谈论任何一辆电车。当我说，老板在为难我时，我说的是一个具体的老板。我的老板。

The boss that I work for. So when I say, the boss is giving me a hard time, I'm assuming that you, the listener or the reader, you know which boss I'm talking about.

我为他工作的那个老板。因此当我说老板在为难我的时候，我假设你作为听众或读者，知道我说的是哪个老板。

Either because it's obvious or because it wouldn't make any sense otherwise. It wouldn't make much sense if I was talking about your boss or just any boss in another company.

要么是因为这很明显，要么是因为否则就没有任何意义。如果我说的是你的老板或其他公司的任何老板的话，这就没有什么意义了。

Why would they be giving me a hard time? You can assume that I'm going to be talking about the boss that I work for.

他们为什么要为难我呢？你可以认为我要说的是我工作的老板。

My boss. Let's look at a few more examples.

我的老板。让我们再看几个例子。

We can say a museum, any museum compared to the British Museum. A specific museum.

我们可以说一个博物馆，而相比之下我们会说大英博物馆。一个特定的博物馆。

We can say a hotel and mean any hotel, compared to the Ritz Hotel. Which is a specific hotel.

我们可以说一个酒店，而相比之下我们会说丽兹酒店。那是一个特定的酒店。

We can apply the same logic to people too. A pilot, means any pilot, compared to the specific pilot who is flying the plane that I'm talking about.

我们也可以把同样的逻辑应用于人。飞行员，是指任何飞行员，与我所说的驾驶飞机的具体飞行员相比。

We can say an engineer, who's working on the project. Any engineer.

我们可以说一名工程师，他正在为这个项目工作。任何工程师。

He's one of many. There are many engineers, compared to the lead engineer.

他是许多工程师中的一个。和首席工程师相比，有许多工程师。

There's only one of them. The lead engineer is specific.

他们中只有一个人是首席工程师。首席工程师是特指的。

You get the idea, right? We can also use the to talk about specific times of day.

明白这个意思了吧？我们还可以用“the”来谈论一天中的特定时间。

The morning, during the afternoon and the evening. But you need to watch out because for whatever reason in English we say at night.

上午、下午和晚上。但是你需要注意，因为不管什么原因，在英语中我们说的是 at night。

We don't say at the night. Morning, evening, night, this can kind of get a little tricky with articles, with prepositions.

我们不说 at the night。早晨、傍晚、晚上，对冠词和介词使用来说可能有点麻烦。

There are often some pretty crazy rules in English around how to use these words accurately. I did want to give a little shout out to my prepositions course.

围绕如何准确使用这些词，英语中往往有一些相当疯狂的规则。我想给我的介词视频打个广告。

It is a complete package of amazing lessons about English prepositions. Lots of practice, lots of imitation practice included as well so that you learn the rules but also how to use them in spoken English naturally and sound like a native speaker.

这是一个完整的关于英语介词的课程包。里面有大量的练习，大量的模仿练习，这样你不仅可以学会规则，而且还可以学会如何在英语口语中自然地使用这些规则，让自己听起来像一个母语者。

The link to check out the course and to try one of the modules for free head down to the description and you'll see it right there. Rule Number 3: we use the with unique nouns or titles.

大家可以在描述区查看课程的链接，而且可以免费试用其中的一个模块。规则三：特定名词或职称需要使用“the”。

When there's only one of something, the sun, the moon, the President, the Queen. Of course there is more than one president in the world.

当某样东西只有一个的时候，太阳、月亮、总统、女王。当然，世界上有不止一位总统。

There's also more than one queen, but there is only one President of the United States. There is only one Queen of England.

也有不止一位女王，但美国总统只有一位。只有一位英国女王。

So when we're using a noun that can be generic or unique. we need to look for the context of how it's being used. Actually, names or titles that are formed with this same pattern: the something of something, they all refer to something that is specific or unique.

因此，当我们使用一个可以是一般也可以是特指的名词时，我们需要寻找它的使用背景。实际上，名字或头衔也是同一种结构：the something of something，指的是具体或独特的东西。

The CEO of my company. The Prime Minister of India.

我公司的首席执行官。印度的总理。

The capital of Australia. All of these nouns are unique.

澳大利亚的首都。所有这些名词都是独一无二的。

There's only one capital city in my country. There's only one Prime Minister in India.

我的国家只有一个首都。在印度只有一个总理。

So using the definite article in this situation helps us to define the noun that we're talking about. Alright, this next one is one that I hear my students messing up quite a bit so I'm gonna walk you through it slowly.

因此，在这种情况下使用定冠词有助于我们确定我们正在谈论的名词。好了，下一个问题我的学生经常会犯错，所以我会慢慢地引导大家进行学习。

Rule Number 4 is use the with superlative adjectives. When we use a superlative adjective to describe a noun, that noun instantly becomes unique.

第4条规则是与最高级形容词一起使用。当我们用一个最高级形容词来描述一个名词时，这个名词就会变成独一无二的。

Only one thing can be the biggest, or the tallest, or the best and I want to give you an example taking a look at our planet Earth within the solar system. Earth is big.

只有一个东西可以是最大的、最高的、最好的，我想给大家一个例子，看看我们太阳系内的地球。地球是大的。

It's bigger than Venus, but both Neptune and Uranus are bigger than Earth. Which planet is the biggest?

它比金星大，但海王星和天王星都比地球大。哪个星球是最大的？

Jupiter is the biggest planet in the solar system. Only one planet can be the biggest, or the smallest, or the nicest, or the furthest.

木星是太阳系中最大的行星。只有一个星球可以是最大的，或最小的，或最漂亮的，或最远的。

When we compare nouns in this way, remember that by using the superlative adjective, your noun instantly becomes unique. There is only one and therefore that means you need to use the.

请记住，当我们以这种方式比较名词时，通过使用最高级形容词，你的名词立刻就会变得独一无二。只有一个，所以这意味着你需要使用 the。

Okay, this is where things get a little dicey. Sometimes, the trickiest part about using articles is knowing when not to use one.

好的，这里就有点点麻烦了。有时，使用冠词最困难的部分是知道什么时候不使用冠词。

This part of the lesson is definitely the hardest part to teach because there are some exceptions that we need to talk about. But here goes Rule Number 5: don't use an article, any article, in general statements.

这一部分绝对是最难教的部分，因为有一些例外情况。但这里就谈到了我们的第五条规则：在一般的陈述句中，不要使用冠词，任何冠词都不要用。

Let's have a look at some general statements and I'll show you just what I mean. Good friends always listen.

让我们来看一些一般性的陈述，我会给大家展示我是什么意思。好朋友总是会认真倾听。

Sloths are lazy animals. Fruit is sweet.

树懒是懒惰的动物。水果是甜的。

So these are all general statements. I'm talking generally about the characteristics of good friends, sloths and fruit.

所以这些都是一般性的说法。我在笼统地谈论好朋友、树懒和水果的特点。

Did you notice that all of these nouns are either plural or they're uncountable and we do this to talk generally about something. But we can still use an article to make general statements.

你是否注意到了呢，这些名词要么是复数，要么是不可数的，我们这样做是为了笼统地谈论一些东西。但我们仍然可以用冠词来进行一般性的陈述。

We can say a good friend always listens. Notice that friend is now no longer plural but what I mean here is that every individual good friend listens.

我们可以说好朋友总是在倾听。注意，现在朋友不是复数了，但我的意思是每个人的好朋友都会认真倾听。

That's what any one good friend does. So this statement is still general, it's just two different ways of saying the same thing.

这就是任何一个好朋友会做的事情。这种说法仍然是一般性的，只是用两种不同的方式来表达同一件事。

On the other hand, if I change this sentence to: the fruit is sweet, well then I'm talking about some specific fruit. Maybe it's the fruit on the table, or the fruit in the bowl, or the fruit that I bought from the market and fruit in this context refers to a plural uncountable noun.

另一方面，如果我把这句话改成：水果是甜的，那我说的就是某种特定的水果。也许是桌上的水果，或者是碗里的水果，或者是我从市场上买来的水果，水果在这里指的是复数的不可数名词。

It refers to all of the fruit in the bowl. The apple, the banana, the strawberries, the pineapple, they are all sweet.

它指的是碗里所有的水果。苹果、香蕉、草莓、菠萝，它们都是甜的。

So by adding the article, the meaning changes from being general to being specific. Fruit in general is sweet in summer.

因此通过添加冠词，其含义从一般变得具体。一般来说，夏天的水果是甜的。

The fruit that we ate yesterday was very sweet. Don't use an article with these proper nouns.

我们昨天吃的水果非常甜。这些专有名词不要使用冠词。

Proper nouns are nouns that name a specific place or person or organisation. In English, they are always written with a capital letter, because they're very important.

专有名词指的是命名一个特定的地方、人或组织的名词。在英语中，它们开头是大写字母，因为它们非常重要。

In general, we don't use articles with proper nouns...uh well, if only it was that simple. This one is probably the trickiest rule in this lesson.

一般来说，我们不会在专有名词前面使用冠词......呃，如果有这么简单就好了。这一条可能是本节课中最麻烦的规则。

So I want you to focus. I want you to come back here.

所以我希望你能集中精力认真听。我希望你能集中精力。

Focus on what I'm talking about, and because this section is so tricky, I've also made you a little cheat sheet with different types of nouns that don't use articles, particularly some of the exceptions and I have linked to that down in the description below. Don't use the with names of people.

专注于我正在谈论的内容，由于这一部分非常麻烦，我还为大家做了一张小抄，上面有不用冠词的不同类型的名词，特别是一些例外情况，我已经在下面的描述中给大家链接啦。人名和 the 不能一起使用。

I saw the Frances the other day. No. However, you can use the when you're talking about a group of people who have the same name like a family.

我前几天看到了弗兰西斯。这是不对的。但是当你谈论一群名字一样的人，比如说一家人时，你可以使用 the。

Then we would use the and the plural form of that family name. I bumped into the Smiths the other day.

我们会使用这个姓氏的复数形式。有一天，我碰到了史密斯夫妇。

So when I say the Smiths, I mean more than one member of the Smith family. They were all together.

当我说史密斯家族时，我指的是史密斯家族的不止一个成员。他们在一起。

We also use the to refer to a group of people from the same country, like: the Japanese are punctual, the Italians are passionate. Don't use the with place names.

我们也用 the 来指代来自同一个国家的一群人，比如：日本人很守时，意大利人很热情。不要在地名前使用 the。

India, Turkey and Malaysia are all part of Asia. We don't say the India or the Asia.

印度、土耳其和马来西亚都是亚洲的一部分。我们不说 the 印度或 the 亚洲。

This is true for most countries and continents, but there are a few important exceptions. So I recommend that you learn the rule but then you learn the exceptions because there are just a few.

大多数国家和大陆都是如此，但也有几个很重要的例外。所以我建议大家认真学习规则，但你也要学习例外情况，因为例外情况就那么几个。

Firstly, countries that use kingdom, republic or union in their name use the. The United Kingdom, The Republic of Congo, The European Union.

首先，名字里面有王国、共和国或联盟的国家需要使用 the。联合王国、刚果共和国、欧盟。

Country names that are plural also use the. The Netherlands, The United States of America, and some countries that are made up of multiple islands like: the Philippines or the West Indies. They all use the. Don't use an article with streets or parks or lakes when you're specifically naming them.

复数的国名也使用the。荷兰、美国，以及一些由多个岛屿组成的国家，比如说菲律宾或西印度群岛。它们都需要使用 the。当你要具体命名时，不要在街道、公园或湖泊前面时候 the。

We're staying at Federation Square on Flinders Street. Albert Park is just a few minutes away.

我们住在弗林德斯街的联邦广场。阿尔伯特公园离这里只有几分钟的路程。

This rule can sometimes trip people up because when we reference a public place without using its name, we can use the. You know, the park across the road. What a view!

这条规则有时会给人们带来麻烦，因为当我们提到一个公共场所而不使用其具体名称时，我们可以使用 the。马路对面的公园，风景太好了！

The lake looks stunning at sunset. But when we name that park or that lake, we don't use the article.

夕阳下的湖水看起来很迷人。但是，当我们提到公园或者湖泊的具体名字时，我们并不会使用 the。

Victoria Park is across the road. Lake Como looks lovely at sunset.

维多利亚公园就在马路对面。科莫湖在夕阳下看起来很美妙。

Ooh last tip! We have just learned not to use the with country names, towns and cities but there is a different rule for geographical nouns.

哦，最后一个提示！我们刚刚学会国名、城镇和城市不要用 the，但地理名词又有不同的规则。

Rule Number 7 is: use the definite article with these geographical nouns. With mountain ranges, like the Himalayas or the Alps these names refer to a group of mountains right however single mountains like Mount Everest or Mount Fuji are used without an article.

第7条规则是：地理名词要使用定冠词。比如说山脉，如喜马拉雅山或阿尔卑斯山，这是指的是群山，但像珠穆朗玛峰或富士山这样的单座山则不使用冠词。

A single mountain, no article. Groups of mountains, use the.

一座山，没有冠词。成群的山，使用 the。

Let's take a look at some other examples of geographical nouns. Canals, rivers, seas, oceans, valleys and deserts.

让我们再来看看其他一些地理名词的例子。运河、河流、大海、海洋、山谷和沙漠。

These nouns are good ones to learn together in chunks because the rules are a little confusing, trying to understand them could send you a little crazy. But learning the noun together with the article that it's used with is going to help.

这些名词可以分块学习，因为规则比较混乱，如果试图理解它们的话可能会让你抓狂。但把名词和它的冠词一起学习的话会很有帮助。

It's going to stop you from thinking and asking the question and just more naturally know and remember, oh that's right, it's not Himalayas, it's The Himalayas. Here's one final mistake that I often hear my students making with the definite article.

这样做会阻止你去思考和问问题，只是会让你更自然地知道并且记住这样是正确的，不是喜马拉雅山，而是喜马拉雅山。还有一个最后我经常听到我的学生在使用定冠词时会犯的错误。

He hurt the foot yesterday. Do you sometimes make this mistake too?

他昨天伤了脚。你有时也会犯这种错误吗？

In English, we use possessive determiners in this context, we use my, your, his, hers, ours, theirs with body parts. He hurt his foot yesterday.

在英语中， 在这种情况下我们会使用所有格限定词，我们会说：我的、你的、他的、她的、我们的、他们的再加身体部位。昨天他的脚受伤了。

Not he hurt the foot. She washes her hands often, not she washes the hands.

不是他伤了脚。她经常洗自己的手，不是她洗手。

I bumped my head, not I bumped the head. Well done, you made it all the way through to the end of the lesson.

我撞到了我的头，不是我撞到了头。太棒了，你坚持到了这节课的最后。

You should be feeling like an article pro now! There are two little things.

你现在应该觉得自己是个冠词专家了吧！还有两件小事要提醒大家。

Make sure you grab that workbook that I've created for you. It's got all of these tricky rules.

一定要去下载我为大家做的那个工作簿。里面有所有这些麻烦的规则。

It's a little bit like a cheat sheet that helps you to know when to use an article, when not to use an article, plus there's some practice activities and a little quiz to help you lock all of the knowledge everything that you learned into your memory so that you can draw on it and use it when you need to. If you want to put your new skills to the test, I've got a little homework task for you.

其实就像一张小抄啦，可以帮助你知道什么时候使用冠词，什么时候不使用冠词，另外还有一些练习活动和一个小测验，帮助你把学到的所有知识都锁定在记忆中，这样你就可以在需要的时候提取和使用它。如果你想测试一下你的新技能的话，我给大家准备了一个小小的家庭作业。

I want you to pause the video, tell me about your hometown down in the comments. Describe it with some geographical nouns.

我想让大家暂停视频，在评论中和我聊聊你的家乡。用一些地理名词来描述它。

Tell me something that is generally true about the people who live there and something that is specific about your upbringing or your family and if while you're writing you need to go back and review one of the rules that we went through, use the chapters in this video to help you go back, skip back to that section and find the answer that you need. That is exactly why I put those chapters there, so it's easy for you to come back to and use my lessons to help all the time.

告诉我一些关于生活在那里的人的普遍情况，以及一些关于你的成长经历或你的家庭的具体情况，如果你在写的时候需要回头复习我们所学习的某个规则的话，请使用本视频中的章节来帮助你进行复习，跳回那个部分，找到你需要的答案。这正是我设置了章节的原因，这样你就可以很容易地回来，利用我的课程来帮助到自己。

If you've got a question about this lesson or you just want to say hello drop me a comment down below this video and thank you so much for watching. Check out these lessons next.

如果你对本课有疑问，或者你只是想打个招呼的话，请在本视频下方给我留言，非常感谢大家的观看。接下来看看这些课程吧。

See you in there!

我在那里等待着大家！